SAT数学英文教程之Logarithms

2014年05月16日14:05 来源：小站整理: 参与（0）阅读（3542）

摘要：SAT是由美国大学委员会委托美国教育测验服务社定期举办的测验，做为美国各大学申请入学的重要参考条件之一。SAT中的数学部分包括数字与运算，代数与方程，几何，统计学，概率，数据分析。希望这份珍贵的英文原版教程能够帮助更多备考SAT的同学。

虽然中国考生的基础教育，特别是在数学部分，在全世界范围内都是数一数二的，所以对于中国SAT考生来说，SAT数学部分与其他项目相比也相对比较低。但是如果备考SAT的同学对SAT数学部分掉以轻心，很有可能造成失分悲剧。官方真题Official为备考SAT的同学们找到了英文原版SAT教程，希望对同学们有所帮助。

Logarithms have important uses in solving problems with complicated exponential equations. Consider the following example:

The population of a small town is 1000 on January 1, 2001. It grows at a constant rate of 2% per year. In what year does the population of the town first exceed 1500?

This question is like the exponential growth problems we’ve just seen but with a twist. Here, we’re given the growth rate, the initial quantity, and the ending quantity. We need to find the number of percent changes (in this case, the number of years) that links all these values. Since logarithms are the power to which you must raise a given number to equal another number, they are the perfect tool for solving this sort of problem.

In this case, it will take roughly 20.5 years for the town’s population to exceed 1500. So about halfway through the year 2021, the population will first exceed 1500.　　The general form for a problem like this one, in which the exponent is unknown, is to isolate the exponential term, take the logarithm of both sides, and then use the power rule of logarithms to bring the variable out of the exponent. You can then isolate the variable on one side of the equation. The base of the logarithms is insignificant. You could choose a base-10 logarithm or a logarithm of any other base, as long as it is consistently used.　　Here’s a simple example to illustrate this process:

If 6x = 51000, then find the value of x.

This problem would be vastly more difficult if we didn’t have logarithms. How would you possibly calculate 51000 anyhow? And how do you solve for x when it’s the exponent of a number? But by taking the logarithm of each side of the equation, and utilizing the power rule of logarithms: