SAT写作:经典人物素材之笛卡尔

2018年03月25日13:30 来源：小站整理

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下面就是SAT作文中的笛卡尔事迹运用~

笛卡尔是二元论的代表，留下名言“我思故我在”(或译为“思考是唯一确定的存在”)，提出了“普遍怀疑”的主张，是欧洲近代哲学的奠基人之一，黑格尔称他为“近代哲学之父”。他的哲学思想深深影响了之后的几代欧洲人，开拓了所谓“欧陆理性主义”哲学。

笛卡尔自成体系，融唯物主义与唯心主义于一体，在哲学史上产生了深远的影响，同时，他又是一位勇于探索的科学家，他所建立的解析几何在数学史上具有划时代的意义。

Rene Descartes (1596-1650) is one of the most important Western philosophers of the past few centuries. During his lifetime, Descartes was just as famous as an original physicist, physiologist and mathematician. But it is as a highly original philosopher that he is most frequently read today. He attempted to restart philosophy in a fresh direction. For example, his philosophy refused to accept the Aristotelian and Scholastic traditions that had dominated philosophical thought throughout the Medieval period; it attempted to fully integrate philosophy with the "new" sciences; and Descartes changed the relationship between philosophy and theology. Such new directions for philosophy made Descartes into a revolutionary figure.

勒奈·笛卡尔(Rene Descartes, 1596-1650)是过去几个世纪最重要的西方哲学家之一。在他的一生中，笛卡儿和最初的物理学家、生理学家和数学家一样出名。但作为一个极具独创性的哲学家，他今天最常阅读。他试图重新开始哲学。例如，他的哲学拒绝接受亚里士多德和学术传统，这些传统在中世纪时期主导了哲学思想;它试图将哲学与“新”科学完全融合;笛卡尔改变了哲学与神学的关系。这种新的哲学方向使笛卡尔成为一个具有革命性的人物。

The two most widely known of Descartes' philosophical ideas are those of a method of hyperbolic doubt, and the argument that, though he may doubt, he cannot doubt that he exists. The first of these comprises a key aspect of Descartes' philosophical method. As noted above, he refused to accept the authority of previous philosophers - but he also refused to accept the obviousness of his own senses. In the search for a foundation for philosophy, whatever could be doubted must be rejected. He resolves to trust only that which is clearly and distinctly seen to be beyond any doubt. In this manner, Descartes peels away the layers of beliefs and opinions that clouded his view of the truth. But, very little remains, only the simple fact of doubting itself, and the inescapable inference that something exists doubting, namely Descartes himself.

笛卡尔的哲学思想中最广为人知的两种是双曲怀疑的方法，而他的论点是，尽管他可能怀疑，但他不能怀疑他的存在。第一个是笛卡尔哲学方法的一个关键方面。如上所述，他拒绝接受以前的哲学家的权威，但他也拒绝接受他自己的感觉。在寻找哲学基础的过程中，任何可能被怀疑的东西都必须被拒绝。他决心只相信那些清楚而清楚地被认为是毫无疑问的东西。在这种方式下，笛卡儿剥去了他对真理的看法的层层的信仰和观点。但是，非常少的保留，仅仅是怀疑本身的简单事实，以及不可避免的推论，即某些事物存在怀疑，即笛卡尔本人。

His next task is to reconstruct our knowledge piece by piece, such that at no stage is the possibility of doubt allowed to creep back in. In this manner, Descartes proves that he himself must have the basic characterisitc of thinking, and that this thinking thing (mind) is quite distinct from his body; the existence of a God; the existence and nature of the external world; and so on. What is important in this for Descartes is, first, that he is showing that knowledge is genuinely possible (and thus that sceptics must be mistaken), and, second, that, more particularly, a mathematically-based scientific knowledge of the material world is possible.

他的下一个任务是把我们的知识拼凑起来，这样在任何阶段都不可能有怀疑的可能。以这种方式，笛卡尔证明了他自己必须具备思维的基本特征，而这种思维的东西(头脑)与他的身体是截然不同的;上帝的存在;外部世界的存在与本质;等等。对于笛卡尔来说，最重要的是，首先，他证明了知识是真正可能的(因此怀疑论者肯定是错误的)，其次，更特别的是，一个基于数学的关于物质世界的科学知识是可能的。

Descartes' work was influential, although his studies in physics and the other natural sciences much less so than his mathematical and philosophical work. Throughout the 17th and 18th Centuries, Descartes' philosophical ghost was always present; Locke, Hume, Leibniz and even Kant felt compelled to philosophical entanglement with this intellectual giant. For these reasons, Descartes is often called the "father" of modern philosophy.

笛卡尔的研究是有影响的，尽管他在物理和其他自然科学方面的研究远不及他的数学和哲学著作。在17和18世纪，笛卡尔的哲学幽灵一直存在;洛克，休谟，莱布尼茨甚至康德都觉得自己不得不与这个智力巨人进行哲学上的纠缠。基于这些原因，笛卡尔被称为现代哲学的“父”。

This article provides an overview of Descartes' philosophical thought following the order of his most famous and widely-studied book, the Meditations on First Philosophy.

这篇文章概述了笛卡尔的哲学思想，遵循了他最著名、最广泛的著作《第一哲学的思考》。

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