网站导航   4000-006-150  
小站教育
学生选择在小站备考:30天 525049名,今日申请2632人    备考咨询 >>

你不可不知的新SAT写作3种说服方式 理解文章的精髓所在

2016年10月19日16:42 来源:小站整理
参与(1) 阅读(5626)
摘要:新SAT写作考试要求考生分析文本是如何论证并说服读者的。这就免不了需要考生们了解新SAT考试的说服方式。

在新SAT写作审题及写作过程中,有一个很重要的概念叫“说服”。我们要想试图“说服”考官,必须要弄懂原作者如何试图“说服”读者。考生们要去观察并判断出阅读文章作者想要去说服读者所用的种种“rhetorical appeals”。

你不可不知的新SAT写作3种说服方式 理解文章的精髓所在图1

“说服学”(Persuasion)它是指人们通过语言及非语言手段,以传递信息的方式影响他人的观念和行动。那怎样成为一个有力的说服者呢?其实在很久以前,古希腊哲学家和教育家亚里士多德的作品《修辞学》(Rhetoric)中,就已经给我们阐明了三种十分常见且有效的说服方式:

1. Ethos(appeal to ethics) 即“信誉证明”。

读者在阅读一篇文章的时候,往往会问自己:“作者是如何知道这些事的?”“我又为什么要相信这个写文章的人?”所以,想要成为一个有力的说服者,必须在作品中提供能够证明其真实性和可靠性的证据,让读者感觉到你是“可以被信赖的”。一次亲身的经历或者一个权威的身份都可以帮助作者“验明真身”。

我们来看一个例子:

SAT OG Practice Essay 1

More than a decade ago, [my wife] Rosalynn and I had the fortunate opportunity to camp and hike in these regions of the Arctic Refuge. During bright July days, we walked along ancient caribou trails and studied the brilliant mosaic of wildflowers, mosses, and lichens that hugged the tundra. There was a timeless quality about this great land. As the never-setting sun circled above the horizon, we watched muskox, those shaggy survivors of the Ice Age, lumber along braided rivers that meander toward the Beaufort Sea.

这个段落节选自美国前总统Jimmy Carter为“Arctic National Wildlife Refuge”所著的前言文章。如何让读者更好地看到Arctic Refuge的美呢?作者讲述了一段故事,他用自己和妻子的亲身经历向读者描绘了一幅恢弘壮阔的野生风光,让读者更加坚信了这份永恒的美。

2. Pathos(appeal to emotion) 即“情感证明”。

冷冰冰的数据和高高在上的权威或许不足以俘虏读者的心,真正让人们心房一颤的还得靠情感上的共鸣。这就是为什么我有时在课上会跟学生举例说,“我在你们这么大的时候怎么怎么样”,“如果这件事发生在你身上会怎么怎么样”等等,目的就是把对方的感情带入进来,无论是爱慕还是憎恶,欢愉或是哀痛。这就好比一篇荡气回肠的战争史诗,往往能让我们愤慨于碌碌无为的政府,牵挂于水深火热的百姓,惶恐于弹片横飞的战场,欢畅于企盼已久的曙光。

我们来看另一个例子:

SAT OG Practice Essay 2

Perhaps a more tragic recognition of reality took place when it became clear to me that the war was doing far more than devastating the hopes of the poor at home. It was sending their sons and their brothers and their husbands to fight and to die in extraordinarily high proportions relative to the rest of the population. We were taking the black young men who had been crippled by our society and sending them eight thousand miles away to guarantee liberties in Southeast Asia which they had not found in southwest Georgia and East Harlem. And so we have been repeatedly faced with the cruel irony of watching Negro and white boys on TV screens as they kill and die together for a nation that has been unable to seat them together in the same schools. And so we watch them in brutal solidarity burning the huts of a poor village, but we realize that they would hardly live on the same block in Chicago. I could not be silent in the face of such cruel manipulation of the poor.

这个段落节选自美国黑人民权运动领袖Martin Luther King Jr. 的演讲“Beyond Vietnam – A Time to Break Silence”。为了唤起人们对政法参与越南战争的不满,马丁路德金在本段中特意以活生生的家庭成员为切入点,以种族不平等的敏感话题为讽刺,同时加以大量对战争残酷和悲痛性的描述。这些都足以激起读者强烈的认同感。

3. Logos(appeal to logic) 即“逻辑证明”。

顾名思义,这种说服方式着重的是逻辑推理,长期接触出国考试的考生对这种方式可谓是再熟悉不过了:阅读文章看逻辑,篇章写作看逻辑,甚至词汇填空和听力理解都要借助逻辑思维。何谓有“逻辑”呢?简单来说,就是有因必有果,有理需有据,由此能及彼,由表可及里……

我们再来看一个例子:

SAT OG Practice Essay 3

Early tech use has cognitive benefits as well. Although parenting experts have questioned the value of educational games—as Jim Taylor, author of Raising Generation Tech, puts it, “they’re a load of crap . . . meant to make money”—new studies have shown they can add real value. In a recent study by SRI, a nonprofit research firm, kids who played games like Samorost (solving puzzles) did 12% better on logic tests than those who did not. And at MIT’s Education Arcade, playing the empire-building game Civilization piqued students’ interest in history and was directly linked to an improvement in the quality of their history-class reports.

这个段落节选自Eliana Dockterman的文章“The Digital Parent Trap”。作者试图告诉读者尽早接触科技对孩子们是件好事。所谓“有理必有据”,在表明态度之后,Eliana立即用SRI和MIT的调差研究来加以论证,从两组对比中让读者对科技的利处一目了然。

这就是我们所说的三种说服方式,它们正是理解SAT写作部分阅读文章的精髓所在。正如我之前所讲,你对考官的“说服”来自于你对作者说服方式的观察,而这种观察则必须建立在良好的阅读能力之上。只有打通了阅读的脉络,我们的写作道路才会越走越顺。

推荐阅读:10月1日北美新SAT考试真题回顾及各科备考建议分享

特别申明:本文内容来源网络,版权归原作者所有,如有侵权请立即与我们联系contactus@zhan.com,我们将及时处理。

SAT/ACT备考资料免费领取

免费领取
看完仍有疑问?想要更详细的答案?
备考问题一键咨询提分方案
获取专业解答

相关文章

SAT写作不知如何下手?先看懂出题和考查方式 【SAT写作高分秘籍】SAT议论文写作的备考技巧 写作完全没想法?学一学SAT写作文章框架 SAT写作备考把握3大点:范文、时间和例子 SAT写作想拿高分?5大项要牢记 【SAT写作高分秘籍】SAT写作考前准备4大要点 新SAT写作考试如何考验学生?写作常见问题汇总(一) 新SAT写作考试如何考验学生?写作常见问题汇总(二)
版权申明| 隐私保护| 意见反馈| 联系我们| 关于我们| 网站地图| 最新资讯
© 2011-2024 ZHAN.com All Rights Reserved. 沪ICP备13042692号-23 举报电话:4000-006-150
沪公网安备 31010602002658号
增值电信业务经营许可证:沪B2-20180682