SAT写作高分套路：论证方法

2017年05月24日14:29 来源：互联网: 参与（0）阅读（7080）

摘要：转眼间5月份的SAT考试已经告一段落，College Board（简称CB）也搞出来了个不大不小的动作：CB官方确认2017年下半年起SAT出分缩短至两周，下面小编就为大家盘点一下新SAT写作最好掌握的3种科学的说服方式，希望能够帮助大家更好攻克写作这个难题！

面对新SAT写作，关键点就是识别作者的论证方法并且有理有据的表达出来，在识别中我们需要对作者的各种论证技巧尤其是修辞手法的运用了解透彻，我们在分析作者观点时，也需要一些方法论来指导我们行文。

1.Ethos(appeal to ethics)即“信誉证明”

读者在阅读一篇文章的时候，往往会问自己：“作者是如何知道这些事的?”“我又为什么要相信这个写文章的人?”所以，想要成为一个有力的说服者，必须在作品中提供能够证明其真实性和可靠性的证据，让读者感觉到你是“可以被信赖的”。一次亲身的经历或者一个权威的身份都可以帮助作者“验明真身”。

例：

SAT OG Practice Essay 1More than a decade ago, [my wife] Rosalynn and I had the fortunate opportunity to camp and hike in these regions of the Arctic Refuge. During bright July days, we walked along ancient caribou trails and studied the brilliant mosaic of wildflowers, mosses, and lichens that hugged the tundra. There was a timeless quality about this great land. As the never-setting sun circled above the horizon, we watched muskox, those shaggy survivors of the Ice Age, lumber along braided rivers that meander toward the Beaufort Sea.

这个段落节选自美国前总统Jimmy Carter为“Arctic National Wildlife Refuge”所著的前言文章。如何让读者更好地看到Arctic Refuge的美呢?作者讲述了一段故事，他用自己和妻子的亲身经历向读者描绘了一幅恢弘壮阔的野生风光，让读者更加坚信了这份永恒的美。

2.Pathos(appeal to emotion)即“情感证明”

冷冰冰的数据和高高在上的权威或许不足以俘虏读者的心，真正让人们心房一颤的还得靠情感上的共鸣。目的就是把对方的感情带入进来，无论是爱慕还是憎恶，欢愉或是哀痛。这就好比一篇荡气回肠的战争史诗，往往能让我们愤慨于碌碌无为的政府，牵挂于水深火热的百姓，惶恐于弹片横飞的战场，欢畅于企盼已久的曙光。

例：

SAT OG Practice Essay 2Perhaps a more tragic recognition of reality took place when it became clear to me that the war was doing far more than devastating the hopes of the poor at home. It was sending their sons and their brothers and their husbands to fight and to die in extraordinarily high proportions relative to the rest of the population. We were taking the black young men who had been crippled by our society and sending them eight thousand miles away to guarantee liberties in Southeast Asia which they had not found in southwest Georgia and East Harlem. And so we have been repeatedly faced with the cruel irony of watching Negro and white boys on TV screens as they kill and die together for a nation that has been unable to seat them together in the same schools. And so we watch them in brutal solidarity burning the huts of a poor village, but we realize that they would hardly live on the same block in Chicago. I could not be silent in the face of such cruel manipulation of the poor.

这个段落节选自美国黑人民权运动领袖Martin Luther King Jr. 的演讲“Beyond Vietnam – A Time to Break Silence”。为了唤起人们对政法参与越南战争的不满，马丁路德金在本段中特意以活生生的家庭成员为切入点，以种族不平等的敏感话题为讽刺，同时加以大量对战争残酷和悲痛性的描述。这些都足以激起读者强烈的认同感。

3.Logos(appeal to logic)即“逻辑证明”

顾名思义，这种说服方式着重的是逻辑推理，长期接触出国考试的考生对这种方式可谓是再熟悉不过了：阅读文章看逻辑，篇章写作看逻辑，甚至词汇填空和听力理解都要借助逻辑思维。何谓有“逻辑”呢?简单来说，就是有因必有果，有理需有据，由此能及彼，由表可及里。

例：

SAT OG Practice Essay 3Early tech use has cognitive benefits as well. Although parenting experts have questioned the value of educational games—as Jim Taylor, author of Raising Generation Tech, puts it, “they're a load of crap . . . meant to make money”—new studies have shown they can add real value. In a recent study by SRI, a nonprofit research firm, kids who played games like Samorost (solving puzzles) did 12% better on logic tests than those who did not. And at MIT's Education Arcade, playing the empire-building game Civilization piqued students' interest in history and was directly linked to an improvement in the quality of their history-class reports.

这个段落节选自Eliana Dockterman的文章“The Digital Parent Trap”。作者试图告诉读者尽早接触科技对孩子们是件好事。所谓“有理必有据”，在表明态度之后，Eliana立即用SRI和MIT的调差研究来加以论证，从两组对比中让读者对科技的利处一目了然。这就是我们所说的三种说服方式，它们正是理解SAT写作部分阅读文章的精髓所在。对考官的“说服”来自于对作者说服方式的观察，而这种观察则必须建立在良好的阅读能力之上。只有打通了阅读的脉络，我们的写作道路才会越走越顺。