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新SAT阅读是怎么考“女性政治权利”的?

2017年05月27日10:50 来源:互联网
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摘要:今天主要想跟各位SATer分享的话题是“女性主义”——也可以理解为女权主义,但是两种说法表达的意义略不同。女性主义主要从更宽泛的角度去体现、描写,强调女性的价值、思想、情感、理想、社会地位等等。

作为College Board(美国大学委员会)官方命题机构历来比较关注的话题,新SAT对“女性主义”的考察不仅会选择某些有代表性的女性作家的作品作为考查点,而且还会选择小说角色或者主角是女性的作品。

新SAT阅读是怎么考“女性政治权利”的?图1

从OG和以往SAT考题涉及到的真题来看,CB对女权主义的考察主要集中在:

OG Test 1 Passage 4——女性就业机会不平等

OG Test 2 Passage 4——女性的政治权利,即选举权、投票权

OG Test 3 Passage 4——女性在家里的角色

2016年5月的亚太卷——公开反对女性奴隶制度

2016年10月亚太卷——女性渴望突破藩篱,获得更广阔的生存空间的内心

2016年10月的北美卷——针对妇女选举权

2016年11月亚太卷——对于女性主义或者女性解放价值观的肯定

2017年5月对北美考题——女性平等

今天我们就选择在OG Test 2 Passage 4中出现的阅读——节选自玛丽·沃斯通克拉夫特《女权辩护:关于政治和道德问题的批评》一书——来看看SAT是怎么考察女性主义的吧!

《女权辩护:关于政治和道德问题的批评》

《女权辩护:关于政治和道德问题的批评》(1792年)是沃斯通克拉夫特最知名的作品;在这本书里,她提出:女性并非天生地低贱于男性,只有当她们缺乏足够的教育时才会显露出这一点。她认为男性和女性都应被视为有理性的生命,并还继而设想了建立基于理性之上的社会秩序。在现今,沃斯通克拉夫特被视作是女权主义哲学家的鼻祖之一,而女权主义者们也经常会提到她的生活与作品。

此书被誉为“女权主义基石”,成为“各国女性研究者的必读经典”。是女权主义哲学最早的一批作品之一。它为当时英国妇女所处的无权地位大声疾呼,批评和抨击政治制度和社会制度,要求给予妇女同男人平等的受教育权、工作权和妇女选举权。《女权辩护》饱含着改革的精神,发现传统伦理学忽视女性权利、强化男性权威的问题,因而大胆挑战传统伦理中的性别偏见,捍卫女性的权利。

2015年11月,被英国“学术图书周”评为最具影响力的20本学术书。

关于此书和作者的英文介绍

Mary Wollstonecraft (27 April 1759 – 10 September 1797) was an English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights. During her brief career, she wrote novels, treatises, a travel narrative, a history of the French Revolution, a conduct book, and a children's book. Wollstonecraft is best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman(1792), in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education. She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason.

Until the late 20th century, Wollstonecraft's life, which encompassed several unconventional personal relationships, received more attention than her writing. After two ill-fated affairs, with Henry Fuseli and Gilbert Imlay (by whom she had a daughter, Fanny Imlay), Wollstonecraft married the philosopher William Godwin, one of the forefathers of the anarchist movement. Wollstonecraft died at the age of 38, eleven days after giving birth to her second daughter, leaving behind several unfinished manuscripts. This daughter, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, became an accomplished writer herself, as Mary Shelley, the author of Frankenstein.

After Wollstonecraft's death, her widower published a Memoir (1798) of her life, revealing her unorthodox lifestyle, which inadvertently destroyed her reputation for almost a century. However, with the emergence of the feminist movement at the turn of the twentieth century, Wollstonecraft's advocacy of women's equality and critiques of conventional femininity became increasingly important. Today Wollstonecraft is regarded as one of the founding feminist philosophers, and feminists often cite both her life and work as important influences.

Novels

Otto Scholderer's Young Girl Reading (1883); in both Mary and The Wrongs of Woman, Wollstonecraft criticizes women who imagine themselves as sentimental heroines.

Main articles: Mary: A Fiction and Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman

Both of Wollstonecraft's novels criticize what she viewed as the patriarchal institution of marriage and its deleterious effects on women. In her first novel, Mary: A Fiction (1788), the eponymous heroine is forced into a loveless marriage for economic reasons; she fulfils her desire for love and affection outside of marriage with two passionate romantic friendships, one with a woman and one with a man. Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman (1798), an unfinished novel published posthumously and often considered Wollstonecraft's most radical feminist work, revolves around the story of a woman imprisoned in an insane asylum by her husband; like Mary, Maria also finds fulfilment outside of marriage, in an affair with a fellow inmate and a friendship with one of her keepers. Neither of Wollstonecraft's novels depict successful marriages, although she posits such relationships in the Rights of Woman. At the end of Mary, the heroine believes she is going "to that world where there is neither marrying, nor giving in marriage",presumably a positive state of affairs.

Both of Wollstonecraft's novels also critique the discourse of sensibility, a moral philosophy and aesthetic that had become popular at the end of the eighteenth century. Mary is itself a novel of sensibility and Wollstonecraft attempts to use the tropes of that genre to undermine sentimentalism itself, a philosophy she believed was damaging to women because it encouraged them to rely overmuch on their emotions. In The Wrongs of Woman the heroine's indulgence on romantic fantasies fostered by novels themselves is depicted as particularly detrimental.

Female friendships are central to both of Wollstonecraft's novels, but it is the friendship between Maria and Jemima, the servant charged with watching over her in the insane asylum, that is the most historically significant. This friendship, based on a sympathetic bond of motherhood, between an upper-class woman and a lower-class woman is one of the first moments in the history of feminist literature that hints at a cross-class argument, that is, that women of different economic positions have the same interests because they are women.

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